Activates GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic β-cells, enhancing insulin release when blood glucose is elevated. Its effect diminishes when glucose levels are normal, thereby reducing the risk of hypoglycemia.

Reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis, leading to lower fasting blood glucose levels.

Slows the rate at which food enters the small intestine, thereby reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes.

Acts on the hypothalamic satiety center, enhancing satiety signals (e.g., activation of POMC neurons) and reducing hunger.

Gastric emptying delay and modulation of gastrointestinal signals further decrease appetite.

Lowers triglyceride levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.

Animal studies show it can suppress vascular plaque inflammation, though it has limited effect on established plaques.

Large clinical trials have confirmed its ability to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and slow the progression of renal impairment.